Rate of reaction Essay Example for Free

Rate of reaction EssayEvaluation I speak up that overall, our tests/investigation was successful except for minor things such as the occasional rummy results. On the start-off graph, these can be identified as when the lines representing 1. 25 and 1. 5 molar kept on crossing over each other. They were really similar. In theory, all the lines should be apart because the rate of reaction should be increasing every time. Another odd result is that on the second graph, the agitate which represents 1 molar is no where near the line of best fit. All points should either lie on the line or be pretty shut up to it. I believe that we got these odd results because our human errors. We may not have collected all the gas produced. Or the gas could have been caught in the compendium tube and this may have resulted in the long time needed for the reaction. I believe that the rule provided with us has a few faults that I would uniform to point out. Firstly, when the magnesium human b eings is dropped first, then the acid poured, time is taken for the all the acid to drop notwithstanding as soon as the first drop touches the magnesium it will react.This means that hydrogen gas would have been produced when pouring in the acid and lost through the open top. To change this, I would say in the method that the acid should be poured in to the test tube first then the magnesium piece, as the cork can be replaced without the metal touching the acid and no hydrogen gas would be lost. Secondly, gas can get trapped in the collecting tube as it faces down. When the first marrow of gas is produced, it is followed by more which results in the gas pushing forward for more space because it cant be compressed.When the last amount of gas is produced, nothing is there to push it forward so it just floats around without reaching the measuring cylinder. I dont really have any improvements for the method but you could try to keep the measuring cylinder closer to the test tube and keep it at an elevated position. This way, more gas reaches it. We should have taken more care when handling the glass equipment as a measuring cylinder had been pushed over the ledge of the worktop and smashed when it had contact with the ground. Overall, the method was good but like everything else, it could be improved.It was generally a fair test but a few things may have altered the results, such as subsequently a few of the first experiments, one of the windows was opened in the room and cold air rushed in. I dont if this had anything to do with the experiment but it could be something to think over when planning the next investigation. I feel that the measurements were easy to take measurements as we didnt miss a single reading. We could have repeated the experiment once more to be a little more accurate, the more results there are, the better it is after all.All the graphs showed a pattern to do with the assiduousness levels of the acids, the trends got higher for rate of reaction, the time decreased for stronger acids and less time was taken to. We kept the few odd results we got as it gave us something to talk about and think about in the future. I strongly believe that the results that we got, supported our conclusion as no matter whose results you saw, all showed the same trend and this proves that the results were reliable. Next time, I would use more concentrations of acids, so that we can be even more accurate and sure about the results.Further investigations you could think about could be changing the temperature of the experiment and investigate if it alters your experiments at all. You could also change the surface area of the metal such as having a block, or reacting it in a powderise form. Catalysts could be added to the reaction to see if they show a major difference. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Media essay comparing Essay Example for Free

Media essay comparing EssayThe use of this threat, which suggests cannibalism, something that whitewash horrifies a lot of people, is dampicularly effective and still used in films much(prenominal) as Silence of the lambs. Pip certainly portrays an effective show of fear. In the 1997 rendition Finn, rather looks well cared for and certainly able to defend himself. When Robert De Niro enters as Magwitch he does look rather rough and his use of very graphic language is meant to be representative of the fact that he is not well educated where as in the David Lean version even though Magwitch was ill mannered he did not swear. When grabbed by Magwitch Finn doesnt look quite as scared as he is meant to. He is not able to answer question except to nod or make some gurgling noises as Magwitchs march on is covering his give tongue to all the while. As the 1944 version follows the novel closely the convict is able to pick Pip up and place him on a tombst ace and proclivity him back to a position where he (the convict) is Pips only support and the fact that throughout the whole rough treatment he gets from Magwitch he is constantly civilised and uses the respectful title sir, when it is quite clear that Magwitch is no gentleman makes the audience feel even more sympathetic towards him.As the 1997 version of the pic is piquance at a beach there is no way that Magwitch could shit picked Finn up and place him on a tombstone, although in my opinion he could have tilted him back from the boat nearby so that if Magwitch let go he would fall into the ocean. As for body language on the whole I think that Pip was able to demonstrate his fear far better than Finn in the 1997 version. I found the actions and body language of Magwitch equally daunting in both films.In the 1944 version we do not get to see the Convicts face properly which leads the audience think of him as a very glowering and frightening figure, as on could imagine him in anyway they like. To oppose t hat we see Pips face quite clearly and the fear etched into it. In the 1997 version we have only a fleeing vision of the convicts face before the camera zooms in on Pips face and w can only see the convicts flock which is covering his moth. I believe the 1944 version was more successful in creating a Magwitch that was fearsome to all.I believe joging had a hug part to play in this as well, because I had grown p watching Robert De Niro movies and I have seen him appear in many of my favourite movies in the division of many of my favourite characters and it was very hard for me to think of him as the evil and sinister looking Magwitch as I had other impressions from him. On the other hand as the 1944 version was made years before I was born I had no idea who the actors were and I had no impressions of them before I watched the movie and I am sure if I come across a movie with Finlay Currie cast in a different role I would still think of hi as Abel Magwitch.People usually go to movi es to escape their reality for a brief spell of time, the fact that David Lean chose to have his cast wearing Victorian customs makes it easier for the audience to feel transported into another era easier than the 1997 version where the director chose to have the costumes modernized along with everything else. On the whole I think that David Leans version of owing(p) Expectations was more successful in creating tension and suspense.The fact that the movie is in black and white and that it portrays grim and harsh environs as opposed to the beautiful and sunny location of the 1997 version of the film where it was very hard for me to feel the slightest bit of tension although there was a considerable amount produced by the sudden appearance of the convict I didnt feel it was enough or that it did any justice to the book which in my opinion is one of the best ever written and nowadays I often come across writers who have tried to reproduce novels the same way Dickens did.I preferred the 1944 David Lean version because I felt it did justice to the book and gratified my expectations in creating a cataclysm of mounting tension. Niloofar Bozorgi 10R 1 Show see only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Sustainable Development Housing

Sustainable Development lodgmentCourse title- Sustainable urban development and transport Essay title- Sustainable Housing inwardly the context of present day caparison cooking, Finance and economic factors in the UKHousing is non just seen as somewhere to live. new-fashioned lodging git be a driver of urban regeneration. Decent housing stimulates both physical and economic improvement, and the resulting enhancements in turn fuel refreshed investing and immaterial opportunities as the urban environment once again becomes full of life and enterprise.The importance of housing is illustrated by the fact that some 80 per cent of only development relates to housing and beca mathematical function where we live conditions so much of our daily lives (Gilliam, 1997).At the moment, housing investment seems to be as well as first base to satisfy the number of heap in the United Kingdom in need of housing. There is a vicious circle of let bulge investment and high prices which i s eroding post-war gains in housing provision, leading to severe housing paucitys. It is normally the unhorse income group who bear the consequences.The effects of clime convert and the strategies for dealing with it will all manifest themselves in the places where we live and work. This is true regardless of the targets and timescales for environmental impacts we debate or the balance we strike between regulatory frameworks and fiscal incentives. As a result, strategic urban design, master planning and the management of grammatical constructions, spaces and places must be essential parts of any sustainable development or climate change strategy. A holistic approach is required which goes beyond measurement and calculations to find out the quality of places. . (http//www.cabe.org.uk/AssetLibrary/10661.pdf)This essay seeks to look at sustainable housing within the context for recent housing provision, finance, economic factors and housing construction in the UK.At present, the re be about 22 million dwellings in the UK, many of which are substandard or in need of major refurbishment. Goernment research forecast that 4.4 million new households will be required over the 25 twelvemonth extremity to 2015. These projections are the result of demographic and societal trends. (B. Edgar, J. Taylor, 2000, pg 157)Some factors determine the availability of housing. Among these are finance and the performance of the construction industry.Housing investment during the 1980s and nineties fluctuated in line with financial conditions as a whole. Before the early 1970s, investment in housing did not study direct links to the subject field fortunes. This helped to stabilise the economy. Without sustained investment and the reduced construction work force, house building during the boom period was crowded out by commercial building activity. It is frequently believed that investment in housing diverts resources a carriage from result creating investment. tho histori cally, cause in industrialised countries declares otherwise in the medium term, housing investment may actually increase national income through higher and more sustained employment within the sector. Housing investment therefore contributes to economic growth and stability. (Ball 2000,)The introduction of private finance into housing associations since the late 1980s has been quite lucky, and commercial interest rates at which funds are be invested suggest that associations are as good a risk as many large well-diversified manufacturing firms. However, the abundant term position might be different. Many associations require that rents will rise faster than inflation, which may well be optimistic in some parts of the country. Further more, a greater counterweight of tender housing association resources will ache to be allocated to repairs in other to maintain standards and the asset value of the housing. The longer term viability of private investment in social housing is therefore fundamentally dependent on the wider political relation fiscal policy framework.What is Sustainable housing?Homes are the building blocks of our communities. They affect our health, our wealth, and our opportunities for happiness. For well-nigh of us a home is the biggest investment we will ever illuminate, the biggest asset we will ever own. And housing is critical to Britains future the decisions we take today make a crucial difference to the lives of generations to come.The term sustainable housing is used to describe housing which has been designed to increase the efficiency of water, energy and use of materials. Whilst trim down the impact of development upon the health of residents and the environment. Sustainable housing is therefore environmentally friendly and socially inclusive (Garvin Chinniah, Kim Hoffman, and Kate Pasquale 2007, chide notes for sustainable housing for BENVGTC5, sustainable urban development UCL seen on UCL. moodle on 29/11/07) authoritie ss challenges.There are three key challenges facing the governing and the planning system in the provision of housing Worsening affordability One of the consequences of a long-run under- generate of housing has been worsening affordability, with negative consequences for individuals and the wider economy. Land supply constraints One of the key constraints on housing lurch is land supply. The effective supply of appropriate land through the planning system is fundamental to the successful delivery of the Governments housing policies. Responding to the housing market At present the planning system tends not to take adequate account of information about the housing market. This contributes to under-supply of housing in some areas.The challenge to the government is to provide more homes for the demanding population.Housing supply has increased substantially in the last few geezerhood and is now at its highest level since the 1980s, but supply is still not keeping up with go dema nd from our develop, growing populationWhile the housing stock is growing by 185,000 a year in the UK, the number of households is projected to grow at 223,000 a year, with many people living alone, due to this, the Government is now setting a new housing target for 2016 of 240,000 additional homes a year to meet the growing demand and address affordability issues. The level of housing supply needs to increase over time towards this target and the government believes that a total of three million new homes are necessary by 2020, two million of them by 2016. (Yvette Cooper, housing green paper, 23/July 2007)The Housing Corporation is investing 230 million to deliver around 6,300 homes in small towns and villages through its 2006-08 cheap housing programmes. Overall, completions of new affordable homes in farming(prenominal) local authority areas in 2005-2006 totalled 10,189 new homes or 23% of all new units of affordable housing supplied in England, similar to the proportion of people who live in these rural areas. The Government commissioned the Housing Corporation to lead a feasibility study over the summer 2007 to consider the case for a new time limited funding programme to help local organisations overcome local barriers to the provision of affordable homes in rural areas.(http//www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/439986)Mayor attacks councils over lack of affordable housingKen Livingstone went into battle with two flagship conservative boroughs over affordable housing despite them being among the best in London for providing new homes.The Mayor has sough to name and shame wandsworth because of its low proportion of affordable homes and because it makes more properties available to key workers than low income families.He alike attacked Hammersmith and Fulham for seeking to reduce its affordability targets from 65% to 40%- below the aspirational 50% London benchmark, even though the council has provided a greater percentage of low cost homes than any other borough over a 3 year period.Hammersmith and Fulham has accused the Mayor of being obsessed with targets, claiming that its aims of increasing the overall supply of homes from 450 a year to between 600 and 650 will also mean more affordable properties , a minimum of 250 a year compared with its mayoral target of 225.The mayor wants one-half of all new developments in London to be affordable of these homes, 7 out of 10 should be for rent, and the remaining 3 available for purchase or part purchase in schemes normally favoured by key workers.Mr Livingstone believes that rented property is the only way of providing decent homes for the 60,000 homeless households in the capital and the 200 in temporary accommodation.A standard analysis of government house building figures shows that of the 27,578 homes completed in the capital in 2006/2007, only 7 boroughs exceeded their mayoral targets.A total of 722 homes were built in Wandsworth, almost hitting the mayors target for th e borough of 745. It is not known how many of these properties were affordable, but between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, 3,872 homes of all types were built in the borough of which 571 (15%) were affordable. just of these, only 257(6.6%) were for social rent. Mr Livingstone believes there should exact been 1,355 such homes.Across the river, Hammersmith and Fulham has lead the way in affordable housing. Between 2003/2004 and 2005/2006, 955 homes 955 homes were built in the borough of which 782(82%) were affordable. It intends to help one-year-old Londoners get on the housing larder as those earning between 20000 and 50000/ year account for about 1 in 4 of its residents. (Material extracted from the evening standard, Monday, 12 November, 2007, pg 9).New homes built, London, 2006/2007.Boroughs in LondonHomes BuiltMayoral TargetBarking and Dagenham6841,190Barnet 3772055Bexley 212345Brent 6321120Bromley484485Camden 378595City of London290Croydon8451100Ealing 1325915Enfield998395Greenwich1 1342010Hackney4201085Ham and Fulham202450Haringey3580harrow 320400Havering650535Hillingdon194365Hounslow1556445Islington7431160Kensington and Chelsea139350Kingston172385Lambeth9421100Lewisham463975Merton 646370Newham 4713510Redbridge513905Richmond298270Southwark5121630Sutton 455345Tower Hamlets19043150Waltham Forest394665Wandsworth722754Westminster242680Total2757830500Source Department for communities and local Government, Greater London Authority.Progress and challengesThe government has made vast progress since 1997, with a million more home owners, real improvements in the quality of social housing and a substantial reduction in homelessness. But with hearty demographic change, fast-rising house prices and environmental challenges, it becomes important that we develop a new strategy towards housing over the years ahead to ensure that we give birth more homes and that they are greener and more affordable.The Government has always been committed to the quality of social housing. Since 1997, 20 billion has been invested in making social homes decent for tenants. Since hence the number of households living in non-decent social homes has fallen by more than a million and over a million children have been lifted out of cold, damp and poor housing as a result.House building needs to increase further. As demand has grown faster than supply, house prices have risen. They have doubled in real terms over the last 10 years and nearly trebled in the last twenty years.House prices have risen more quickly than earnings in all regions. On average, lower quartile house prices are now more than seven times lower quartile earnings. This is not just a problem in the south. Affordability problems in the northern regions(Measured as the ratio of lower quartile house prices to earnings) have risen sharply since 1997. In some areas the ratio has more than doubled. For example in Warrington, affordability has worsened by 140% with the ratio reaching nearly eight times income in 2006. unsophisticated communities also face particular challenges.http//www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/439986 accessed 30/11/2007)Why design matters,The major need for people is abundant housing supply and improve affordability. But in meeting this challenge it is vital we create places and communities where people want to live and work. We need to build more homes and better homes.In the past, too many new developments have suffered from a lack of attention to quality, safety, energy efficiency, environmental impact or infrastructure. Subsequently, peoples quality of life suffered and the cost of repair and surrogate was considerable.Good design is not just about how a place looks. It involves ensuring that housing is flexible and responsive to the changing needs of hunting lodge, including meeting the needs of an ageing population, providing better access for wheelchair users and creating more family-sized units with adequate access for baby buggies and outdoor play space. The Commission on Integration and Cohesion once published evidence of the link between perceptions of cohesion and positive attitudes about physical spaces, and we know that well-designed places can make a significant contribution to reducing the risk of crime. And it has the capacitor to speed delivery, as local people are more welcoming of well-designed schemes and recognise the positive benefits that new housing can bring to an area.Climate change as a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions is a reality, and there will be effects over the next 30 to 40 years which are unavoidable. The Kyoto targets set in 1997 for greenhouse gas reductions will not prevent climate change, and the UK Government has set a more exacting long-term goal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050. Recent policy initiatives have emphasised the seriousness of climate change and shifted towards the achievement of significant carbon savings across a wide range of activities.Housing pro viders cannot simply design for todays climate. They must take account of changing climate circumstances, rising temperatures, increasing storm frequency, changing patterns of rainfall, and extremes of drought and flooding. (Scotlands sustainable development strategy link http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/SustainableDevelopment) highlights the importance of dwellings and neighbourhoods to improving quality of life and social cohesion. Safe, warm and run dry homes are fundamental to social inclusion, better health, and reducing fuel poverty. Quality of life and social cohesion depend also on the location and quality of the local environment of our homes. The way we plan and develop our neighbourhoods makes a big difference to how communities look, feel and function.Building and maintaining our homes and neighbourhoods in a sustainable way also meets environmental objectives including cutting greenhouse gas emissions, reductions in pollution and the conservation of resources.The relat ionship between sustainability and housing is two-way. Incorporating principles of sustainability into housing development, maintenance and refurbishment will not only make a significant contribution to achieving general sustainability objectives, but will also improve the quality, durability and cost-effectiveness of our housing.A change of culture is needed so that there is a different approach to housing maintenance and development which places sustainability at centre stage. This should include the developers (whether registered social landlords or for-profit companies), builders and land use planners and also the tenants and owners. Sustainability objectives, such as the government target for reducing carbon emissions by 60% by 2050, will be achieved only if they are taken into account at all stages, from design through construction to long-term use, maintenance and eventual disposal and recycling. Raising the awareness of all those involved is vital.A sustainable housing deve lopment should have Warm, dry, healthy, adaptable homes Environmentally friendly and energy-efficient buildings Access to employment, schools, shops, places of entertainment, primary health care reduced the need to travel (by car) and is accessible by public transport A mix of tenures, incomes and age groups A setting which enhances the quality of life from one generation to another and integrates people into wider society so that people want to live there Aesthetic qualities which can be enhanced by community art.Conclusion,The quality of housing and our surrounding environments have considerable social and cost implications. An adequate supply of housing (good standard and cost) is perhaps the most cost-effective form of infrastructure that can be provided. Housing standards have implications for health standards, levels of criminal activity and degrees of educational attainment. If the supply or quality of housing is inadequate, there are inevitably heavy cost implications for th e providers of social services, often in the form of irrationally expensive emergency solutions such as bed and breakfast accommodation.The private sector has proved very successful in working in partnership with local authorities and housing associations to bring very large housing and regeneration projects in different areas. Government should continue to encourage private sector participation and investors towards achieving sustainable housing and also invest more funds in housing as shortage of fund is sometimes a limiting factor.A great degree in the application of planning policy coupled with government measures to promote long term investment in housing will help to provide stable conditions required for the housing industry to respond to the scale of housing shortages.Government should insist on the comprehensive use of environmental and design quality assessment tools for all buildings on post-completion and post-occupancy evaluations for all new and refurbished public buil dings. This is the only way to drive continuous improvement.Legislation, policy and guidance need to be clearer and more consistent. Strategy and policy on sustainable development, planning, energy, climate change, waste, water, food, landscape character, need to be mutually reinforcing and obvious conflicts resolved so that policies join up rather than appear at odds with each other.Many local authorities are developing climate change strategies and action plans but implementation varies greatly. There should be greater emphasis on linking core spatial planning strategies with climate change strategies to ensure mutual reinforcement of objectives and targets. These need to be backed up by sound technical implementation, delivery and evaluation.Public bodies should establish baseline data on their carbon and ecological footprints as the norm and build in organisational capacity to reduce them.The European Commission and the UK government should require multinational construction c ompanies to report on their sustainability performance to ensure transparency and to foster a culture of benchmarking.ReferencesDirections in Housing Policy Towards Sustainable Housing Policies for the UKBy PeterWilliams,A. E. Holmans accessed viahttp//books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=pfp_sdl12MsCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=sustainable+housingots=AOWzbJiZ9hsig=obSv0RTyjIK2E96EQ4tSofO-cvsPPA55,M1 on 16/11/2007Scottish Executive (2006) Changing our Ways Scotlands Climate Change Programme (LINK) http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Climate-Change/16327/4825 on 17/11/07Scottish Homes (2001) Housing for Varying Needs Parts 1 and 2 (LINK) http//www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/menu/bycs.htm 19/11/07Scottish Executive (2005) Choosing Our Future Chapter 12 (LINK) http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/SustainableDevelopment 17/11/07Scottish Executive (2006) People and Place Regeneration Policy Statement (LINK) http//www.scotland. Assessed 1/12/07http//www.cabe.org.uk/AssetLibrary/10661.pdf asses sed on 1/12/07( Garvin Chinniah, Kim Hoffman, and Kate Pasquale 2007. lecture notes for sustainable housing for BENVGTC5, sustainable urban development u.c.l seen on u.c.l. moodle on 29/11/07)(Evening standard, Monday 12 November 2007, Page 9, www.standard.co.uk).(B. Edger and J. Taylor, 2000, housing in P Roberts and H Sykes (eds.), Urban Regeneration a Handbook, London Sage, pg 157)(P Roberts and H Sykes (eds.) 2005, Urban Regeneration a Handbook, SAGE Publications

A Health Promotion Program Proposal Health And Social Care Essay

A Health Promotion Program Proposal Health And Social Care assayThere are many substance ab physical exertion and moral health organizations throughout the country save minimal effort has been expended in targeting Human Immunodeficiency computer virus (human immunodeficiency virus) prevention programs toward tribe with mental illness and chemical dependency. The naughtily mentally disenable population are at a higher essay of infection for HIV infection than the habitual population (Perehenets, Mamary, Rose, 2006). HIV prevention programs are at a commodity and rarely within this vulnerable population recognized as a sexually active population let al atomic number 53 at risk of HIV infection. In the health promotion program the proposed program result be a prevention scale management approach to reducing the incidence of HIV in people with mental illness or soprano diagnosis. The program pass on include a commixture of professional health services, psychiatric care, a nd individually tailored education on HIV, other sexually genetic unsoundnesss, and safer sex, as well as drug/alcohol treatment as requisiteed. Health promotion being the objective of this program in that location will be active progress to reduce HIV infection among mentally ill and substance abusing population. The process will include working individually with each knob to facilitate the identification and modifying risky behaviors, while also treating mental illness and substance abuse issues in an active effort to improve wellness (Aids Alert, 2008).In C take aimand, Ohio, there is a limited effort directed toward addressing the issue of HIV/AIDS among people with mental illness and chemical dependency. At the same time, there is a growing phenomenon of HIV transmission through sexual activity among the severely mentally disabled individuals. Mental illness does not increase risk in and of itself, a person with mental illness fundament, of course, engage in high risk beh aviors for HIV infection. Studies of people with Severe Mental Disabilities show that mingled with 4% and 19.4% are HIV positive. In all cases, the seroprevalence rates among people with mental illness are higher than that of the United States population in general (Courns et. al., 1991 Sucks et.al.,1992 Susser, Valencia, and Conover, 1993).It is unfavourable for the severely mentally disabled clients to be willd with equal education about HIV/AIDS and prevention strategies. The typical severely mentally disabled client suffers from a severe thought disorder exhibiting stays of active mental illness and remission. Active periods may include symptoms such as hallucinations or paranoia. proscribe symptoms, which appear during remission, may include anxiety, depression, or impairment in thought (DSM IV). During periods of active illness, a client is less likely to engage in serious sex or other high-risk behaviors. During periods of remission, however, a client may resort to sex and/or drug using behaviors in an attempt to self-medicate (Aids Alert, 2007). Ironically, one of the periods of greatest risk is when a client receives effective case management, including medication and counseling.Researching agencies across the United States it was found that rarely did individuals with severe mental illness give any cognition of the HIV infection or ways to prevent the allot(Aids Alert 2007). Thus it is critical that severely mentally disabled clients be provided adequate education about HIV/AIDS and preventive strategies. The health promotion learn will specifically address three priorities (1) Promoting Healthy Behaviors and Life Styles, (2) change magnitude and improving healthcare, (3) Increasing experience.Literature ReviewA total of six articles followuped for this project all where consistent in the recommendation to reduce HIV among the severely mentally disabled population. To reduce the transmission of HIV among clients in this population, risk prevention and education are essential (Aids Alert, 2008). A challenge among this population is the continuous need for intensive case management because studies showed following education and risk reduction activities are taught after 6 months at risk behaviors returned (Berkman, Pilowsky, Zybert, Herman, Conover, Lemmelli, Cournos, Koepner, Susser. 2007).In review of the literature one of the weakness is that the reality of sustain prevention behaviors where not demonstrated nor did the articles at hand speak about the need for intensive case management once a person with persistent mental illness turn in being HIV positive or living with AIDS. Clearly the project being proposed would offer continuous individualized, comprehensive, prevention case management approach, coupled with risk-reduction counseling as well as pre and post counseling for testing for HIV. ginmill Case Management ensures that clients have the necessary infrastructure established in their lives to allow them to focus on treatment and healthy living. The case manager cerebrate the client to essential services such as healthcare, housing, entitlements, and training. Assisting in daily living skills, such as budgeting and medication compliance, and acts as a liason between medical checkup doctors and psychiatrists working with the client. Once the client has been get in touched to resources to meet his or her need and receives psychiatric care to minimize or control symptoms, then the focus on reducing risky behaviors associated with increased risk of HIV infection.There are many substance abuse and mental health organizations throughout the country but minimal effort has been expended in targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention programs toward people with mental illness and chemical dependency.Conceptual ModelThe High Risk stripe Program is based in behavioral science theory. The education and prevention group sessions and prevention case management both use a crew o f the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) and Harm Reduction theory as a framework to guide interventions. For example, the education contribution of the group sessions teaches people what behaviors put them at risk for HIV or other sexually transmitted infection. The participants activiely show the knowledge they are gaining through the High risk, Low risk, No risk game, where a behavior is written on a card and given to each person. Participants are then asked to stand under the sign that shows the level of risk the behavior carries. This is based on the ARRM principle that in order to change behavior, one must first label it as risky. The prevention portion of the group teaches participants how to reduce likelihood of infection through safer sex practices. This is based on both the ARRM principle that a person must make a commitment to change (e.g., use condoms for every sexual encounter) as well as the Harm Reduction principle that people are going to do risky things, so they shou ld be given ways to at least reduce the risk. The ARRM states that the last step to changing behavior is to take action to discharge the desired changed (Lanier,M. Gates,S., 1999). The High Risk Prevention Program witnesses this principle in prevention case management clients, since they are seen and intervened upon over a long period of time (sometimes years), whereas group session clients are seen only once.It is essential to provide education about the risk of HIV transmission to practitioner, union members, and clients. All of these groups need to understand what HIV is, how it is transmitted, and how to change risky behaviors in order to prevent infection. Without this knowledge, the disease will continue to be misunderstood and it will continue to spread through people with mental illness and/or substance dependence.Group sessions will be provided at local community organizations that provide mental health and substance abuse treatment, thus reaching a larger-than-lifer co mmunity. Experience shows that many people with mental illness are reluctant to go to an unacquainted with(predicate) place and/or are likely to isolate themselves at home. Staff will provide outreach to homeless drop in centers and group homes to assist in reaching marginalized populations.Providing prevention education materials and the tools necessary for clients to practice prevention and risk reduction techniques nurses and other supportive staff will offer clients a variety of safer-sex products, including condoms, female condoms, dental dams, lubricants, and pamphlets about specific sexually transmitted disease or HIV. Free anonymous or confidential OraSure testing will be provided to participants following each session.In addition to education and prevention seminars, it is important to assist clients through learning, understanding, and implementing a risk-reduction life style. Prevention case management is critical in ensuring that clients have the necessary infrastructur e established in their lives to allow them to focus on treatment and healthy living. The case manager will link the client to essential services such as healthcare, housing, entitlements and/or job training. The case manager will assist with daily living skills, such as budgeting and medication compliance, and act as the constant between medical do ctors and psychiatrists working with client.Project Goals and ObjectivesThe first goal will be to increase knowledge and awareness around HIV and other sexually transmitted disease and prevention models, such as safer sex practices to clinical staff. The objective will be to provide education session about HIV and other sexually transmitted disease to employees and interns to ensure internal agency staff members are aware with accurate knowledge about high-risk behaviors associated with HIV and STDs. A secondary objective for this goal will be for staff members comfort and capability to ripple with clients about sexual behaviors and HIV /STD prevention.The second goal will be to decrease behaviors that put people with mental illness and substance abuse problems at risk for HIV infection through comprehensive case management while supporting clients physical, emotional, social and mental health. The first objective will be to provide prevention case management services to 45 unduplicated clients. The intervention will be providing case management services to 30 clients each month, with carrefour from month to month ( the average number of case management encounters will be two per client, per month).The second objective for the goal number two is to provide prevention and education sessions to One hundred and Eighty clients. With mental illness and/or substance use to increase knowledge about high risk behaviors associated with HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted disease, and safer sex. The intervention will be for multidisciplinary staff to provide prevention education sessions. Seminars will rotate through the c ommunity and will be held throughout the year, with an average of one seminar per month. Free, anonymous HIV testing will be provided through collaboration with an established testing provider. The moment will be that clients achieve an increase in knowledge and awareness of issues around HIV, other sexually transmitted disease and safer sex, as evidenced in pre post test result analysis.Evaluation ComponentEvaluation of the projects success has two agents. The first component is a pre/post test to assess clients knowledge of HIV, safer sex, and sexually transmitted disease. This evaluates the Education and Prevention component of the Project. Post-test scores that are higher than pre-test scores will show that the Education and Prevention session modify the participants knowledge of HIV, and other sexually transmitted diseases and safer sex.The second evaluation component is a documented review of client goals. This evaluates the Prevention Case Management component of the proj ect. After establishing rapport with the client, the Prevention Case Manager will collaborate with the client to formulate a personal goal about HIV or other sexually transmitted disease risk reduction or safer sex. Typically, the Prevention Case Manager checks in with the client about this goal at each session to evaluate one or more of the following the clients knowledge about HIV and prevention, his or her attitudes about changing risky behaviors, and skills available to implement a change.There is a formal written review of the clients goals that takes place every ninety days and is kept in the clients record. Progress is headstrong by both the clients personal assessment of his or her achievements and the Prevention Case Managers clinical opinion. Optimal outcomes in Prevention Case Management evaluation will demonstrate increase in condom use, cessation of injection drug use, or decreased number of sexual partners.Barriers and ChallengesThe adoption of Evidence Based Interve ntions can be best implemented under real-world conditions. The agency implementing the change must also have the ability to offer capacity building activities for the adopters of the intervention. Just adding province to staffs all ready full scheduled can be a barrier to the motivation and successful implementation of the interventions.The level of care also needs to be assessed when offering Prevention Case Management when in fact the client is aligned in needed intensive case management just to manage basic needs and this intervention would not have any significant change in behavior. The severly mentally ill client will present with challenges of psychiatric stability and that does need prioritizing.Successful behavioral change is not a one-time event. Change occurs over time, and with small steps which accumulate to make large differences. Change must be maintained over time and interwined into the culture of the person and their support system. The clinicians must remain fl exible and meet their clients where they are pitiful them to risk free behaviors in their time line, pulling on their strengths.Nurses must expand their efforts to design and implement interventions which support promotion of health and prevention of disease and disability. Preventing and staying healthy is complex, focus is not only on the client but their family, their support system and their beliefs. The nurses approach needs to be comprehensive looking at primary, secondary and teritarty levels of prevention and involve the client and community in the planning. The Aids Risk Reduction Model allows the nurse to understand and predict clients behavior including how they use and adhere to recommended therapy.Health promotion being the objective of this program there will be active progress to reduce HIV infection among mentally ill and substance abusing population. The process will include working individually with each client to facilitate the identification and modifying risky b ehaviors, while also treating mental illness and substance abuse issues in an active effort to improve wellness (Aids Alert, 2008)..

Case Study On The Ethics Of The Police Law Essay

Case Study On The morality Of The rightfulness of nature Law EssayThis paper leave behind discuss lasts do by law of nature in a scenario. This paper will brush up determinations that the patrol in the scenario prevail made. I will be discussing whether or not the conclusivenesss made by the law of nature were ethical or not and I will discuss what I would restrain done in the situation. I will be discussing ethical considerations. I will discuss a number of topics related to ethics such as NSW patrol cuss of Office, rumor of Values and ordinance of Conduct. I will stallardizedwise be talking about valet rights, coercive and excessive force, discretion, power, authority, account misconduct and loyalty. Numerous policies and legislation need to be followed to perform the mapping of a police officer and to maintain ethical standards and to make ethical decisions. Ethical decisions are made every day by police and it is beta to be ethical to be a police officer. The first decision by police that I will critique is elderly police constable Cullens decision to financial support Scotts Ipod. Senior constable Cullen demanded Scott to give the Ipod that he stole. Senior Constable Cullen did not give the Ipod to the lawful receiveer. Instead he decided to documentation the Ipod for himself. The decision to keep the Ipod is the wrong decision and is an wrong decision. An ethical decision involves obvious ethical standards. An ethical decision is being able to distinguish if a decision is lawful, moral and the correct decision which will imp action a number of stakeholders.NSW natural law Oath of Office requires states police to keep the peace, to the best of your ability, faithfully tally to law (Oath of Office, Clause 7, constabulary Regulation, 2008.). The Oath of Office is a legally binding promise that all NSW Police officers take. The Oath of Office is legislation and has to be followed in order for police to function ethically and r esponsibly. In the scenario Senior Constable Cullen decided to keep Scotts Ipod. Senior Constable Cullen did not follow the Oath of Office and failed in his duties to perform to the best of his ability. This makes the decision that Senior Constable Cullen made one that is unethical, un warrant and against legislation.The decision to steal Scotts Ipod also breaches NSW Police Statement of Values. The Statement of Values outlines the collective values of the NSW Police. It provides employees with clear guidelines on the conduct required to support the values of the NSW Police Force (pp.49, Policing Issues and Practice Journal, May 2007, the NSW Police Force Revised Statement of Values and Ethics). The NSW Police Statement of Values states Excellence having the highest professional standards and integrity. Senior Constable Cullen did not follow this value when he made the decision to take Scotts Ipod and not give it back. Having excellence is to have high standards and to act morally a nd ethically, have right-hand(a) character and to be bonnie which Senior Constable Cullen did not show in his decision of stealing the Ipod.Senior Constable Cullen also breached the NSW Police Force Code of Conduct and Ethics policy. This policy states that NSW Police employees act professionally, honesty and to be ethical The Code of Conduct and Ethics policy guides NSW Police to act ethically and have good conduct. The NSW Police Force Code of Conduct and Ethics states An employee of the NSW Police Force must not make improper use of their position or NSW Police Force information or resources. Senior Constable Cullen breached this policy when he stole Scotts Ipod. Senior Constable utilize his position as a police officer for an wicked purpose. He stole the Ipod for personalized gain. This policy states that a NSW Police employee cannot use their position as leverage to perform an unlawful act such as stealing. Senior Constable Cullen had no justification under any law, legisl ation or policy to steal Scotts Ipod, therefore his decision is an unethical, unlawful decision without any justification.In Senior Constable Cullens decision, he used inappropriate discretion when he stole Scotts Ipod. Discretion is acting according to your cause judgment wherever your authority leaves you free to do so (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, p.23). Senior Constable Cullen has discretion whether to arrest and charge Scott and keep his Ipod. Although he used his discretion to steal the Ipod, it was an unlawful use of his discretion because it is against the law to steal. Discretion is supposed to be applied in good faith and to uphold the disembodied spirit of the law. The way Senior Constable Cullen used his discretion was unethical, was not done in good faith and was not justified.Senior Constable Cullen has breached an important human right when he made the decision to keep Scotts Ipod unlawfully. Human rights are the rights and liberty in which all humans are entitled to. Article 17 states No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (Article 17, fall in Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948). Police can breach human rights justifiably such as taking property. The justification for taking property would be for the gathering of evidence or if a person is in custody. Police officers are not justified in taking property of others for their own personal use. All humans in the world are entitled to human rights. Police are required to protect everyones human rights in order to keep the peace, uphold standards of living and to keep society a safe place. This shows that Senior Constable Cullen violated human rights by taking Scotts Ipod and therefore this decision is an unethical one.There are numerous potential consequences for Senior Constable Cullen for stealing the Ipod. It is a criminal offence to steal property belonging to another. Senior Const able Cullen may face criminal prosecution for his decision to steal the Ipod. By not following the NSW Police Force policies and legislation such as, the Oath of Office, Code of Conduct and Ethics and Statement of Values, human rights declaration and proper use of discretion, Senior Constable Cullen may face disciplinary action by NSW Police. Senior Constable Cullen may also be terminated from the NSW Police Force for his actions if he cannot pardon why he took the Ipod from Scott. He may also be sued by Scott for taking his Ipod. I would not have made the decision to steal Scotts Ipod. I would have no justification to steal Scotts Ipod. I would also not be following legislation and policy if I took Scotts Ipod without giving it back. If I was the police officer in that situation, I would give the Ipod back to Scott who is the just owner.The second decision made by police that I will critique is Senior Constable Cullens decision to push Scott hard into the fence. Pushing Scott he avily into the fence is considered excessive force. Excessive force is defined as force than cannot be justified (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, pp70-71). Senior Constable Cullen has to justify his decisions and the actions he takes and he is held accountable for his actions. Senior Constable is accountable for his action because he has original authority. Original authority is defined as acting from your own will. It is granted and exercised as a result of holding the office of constable (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, p.69). Due to the fact that police officers have original authority, they are all accountable for their own actions. No one else is accountable for the decisions they make. The Police Act 1990, Statement of Values, Code of Conduct and Police Regulation 2008 states that Police officers are held accountable for their actions and must justify the decisions they make and the actions they take. Senior Constable Cullen was not justified in pushing Scott heavily into the fence. compu lsive force would have been a better option to take. Coercive force can be used when the amount of force used to be adequate to the intended outcome. Only the minimum amount of force is inevitable to achieve the outcome. (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, p70). Coercive force is making someone do something they would not otherwise have done. Instead of pushing Scott heavily into the fence, I would have instructed Scott to turn around and would have handcuffed him because by law I am justified in handcuffing a person when they have escaped or try to escape and I need to handcuff Scott to prevent future escape when I start talking to him. That would have been the minimum force needed at that moment. Pushing Scott hard into the fence was not necessary and there were other coercive force options available like handcuffing him and telling him hes under arrest. The consequences of his actions may have resulted in a civil lawsuit against him and being charged with assault and being terminated fr om the NSW Police Force.The third decision that I will critique is Constable downcasts decision to not report the misconduct of her partner Senior Constable Cullen. Senior Constable Cullen made a number of unethical decisions like pushing Scott hard into the wall and stealing Scotts Ipod. Constable Black did not address the misconduct of her partner. Misconduct is where a breach of some form of policy, law or other stringent requirement occurs (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, p.118).If a police officer is acting in a way which you consider to be misconduct, the police officer is legally required to report misconduct (cl. 49 Police Regulation 2008 Point 10 Code of Conduct and Ethics). Constable Black capacity not have reported the incidents because she thought there might be ramifications to her career and possible the career of her partner Senior Constable Cullen. Her inactions of not reporting misconduct may jeopordise her career. Constable Black does not have the moral courage to rep ort the misconduct of Senior Constable Cullen. Moral courage is to stand up for yourself and take a stand on what you think is the right thing to do. As a police officer, Constable Black should be alive(predicate) that she can report misconduct to the Commissioner, Internal Witness Support Unit, Corruption hotline, NSW Ombudsman and many other avenues.Constable Black is loyal to her colleague, but loyalty doesnt hunt down once your career is on the line. Constable Black can be loyal to her partner in situations such as lawful arrests and general policing functions. loyalty in policing is valuable because it allows police to pursue their goals and objective effectively (PPP123 Study Guide, 2010, p122). Although when her partner starts to do things which are in contradiction with law, policy and guidelines, Constable Black need not be loyal to her partner, but to be loyal to the NSW Police Force and to report the crime. I do not agree with Constable Blacks decision of not reporting misconduct of her colleague Senior Constable Cullen. There is no justification for her to not report misconduct. If a complaint was made against Senior Constable Cullen about him stealing the Ipod, Constable Black would be questioned as to what she did about him stealing the Ipod and why didnt she report it to anyone. This might have potentially caused an end to her service in the NSW Police Force. If I was Constable Black, I would suggest to Senior Constable Cullen to give the Ipod back. If he still decided to keep the Ipod, I would then report his misconduct by following the relevant avenues.In conclusion I have critiqued 3 decisions that the police officers made in the scenario. The two police officers were Senior Constable Cullen and Constable Black. I discussed the potential consequences of their decisions and what I would have done in their situation. I talked about various hebdomadally topics including discretion, NSW Police Oath of Office, Statement of Values, Code of Cond uct. I also discussed human rights, coercive and excessive force, discretion, power, authority, reporting misconduct and loyalty. To be ethical and to be justified for your actions, A police officer must follow legislation and policies such as Statement of Values, Oath of Office and Code of Conduct and Ethics and NSW Police standard operating procedures which is readily accessible. I came to a conclusion that the options that Senior Constable Cullen took were not justified, were not ethical, nor were they following NSW Police guidelines, standard operating procedures and legislation. I also came to the conclusion that Constable Blacks decision of not reporting misconduct is unethical, not justified and breached Clause 9 of the Police Regulation 2008 which states that all NSW Police officers are legally required to report misconduct.

Comparing the McCarthy Hearings and McCarthyism with The Crucible Witch Trials :: compare and contrast essay examples

Throughout the history of mankind, the misapplication of power, marring of souls have been a pop out of life. How does this affect us, why does it happen? Human emotion plays a major role in prejudice and the politics that surround it are evident in todays society. Many things can define persecution. No matter how it is defined, it is a tragic event. About three hundred years ago, the witch trials of Salem were a enthusiastic topic. Two young girls deceitfully accused a slave, Tituba of witchery. Soon, callous accusations flew and the joke became a sad, sad reality. Fearing punishment, the two girls kept the charade going. The Puritan religion had no way to publicly admit their sins, and things they regret. Because of this, the trials played a role as an outlet for the societys misgivings. They had a way to express their feelings without being chastised. This anti-witch hysteria caused innocent nation to die at the cry of others. In terror of being victimized themselves, people a ccused others of compacting with the devil. Hoping to possibly move the focus of the investigations elsewhere, many followed this unfortunate path. Hatred, denial, dread, by chance even shock, were all driving factors behind the actions of the townspeople. In the end, almost two dozen innocent men and women were hanged, and hundreds charged or jailed. Moving to a more than recent incident, The Red Scare of the 50s is a modern example of how a sophisticated people can be brought to such lows. Wanting to get the publics attention, McCarthy spawned a massive anti-Soviet campaign. Searches for people working among us that believed in communist views or someone who might know such a person became commonplace. The crusade itself was ground on non-existent claims that some government workers were communists. Senator McCarthys proof was never seen by anyone, further suggesting that his claims were little more than an attempt to intensify his political power base. Taking benefit of the publics views of the Soviet Republic communist system, McCarthy did indeed become an influential power in the U.S. Senate. To gain support, he and Abby fed on worries of the general populace. Both of them had bygone from a nobody, someone with little control over anyone but themselves, to someone who could control anyone they pleased. Like Abigail in The Crucible, his grapple of the situation soon crumbled leaving him dishonored.

The Coward Revealed in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Coward Revealed in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the main character, Willy Loman, is a struggling salesman. Willy Loman is a complex character who confuses illusion with reality. In a way, Willy has two personalities in this play. The one we see in the present action is a tired man in his sixties. The other Willy is the one we see in flashbacks. He is young and confident. In Act Two, Scene Fourteen, Willys son lap tells him that he loves him. Willy can tell that Biff is not just expression this out of pity because Biff is sobbing. In a flashback, Willy speaks to his dead brother Ben. Ben keeps saying Time, William, Time, reminding him that suicide is closing in. Ben also tells Willy that he should come to the jungle. In this scene, the jungle represents opportunities for success. The reason that Ben tells Willy to come to the jungle, is that when in the jungle, Willy can get the diamonds. The diamonds represent the insura nce policy money that the family will get from Willys accident. Therefore, Ben is saying that the only way Willy can get twenty thousand dollars in insurance money is to murder himself, or symbolically Ben is saying that the only way to get the diamonds is to enter the jungle. Willy also talks to Ben how great Biff would do with all of that money. Willy thinks one more time about Biff and how he was a great football player. This shows that Willy still thinks of Biff as a football hero, which is one of the reasons Willy thinks Biff is so magnificent. As Willy is finishing up his thoughts, his wife, Linda, is calling him to come up to bed. After this happens, the sound of a speeding car is heard driving off into the night. In the same scene, Willys wife Linda has come to make a peace with their two sons, Biff and Happy. Linda also suspects that Willy may kill himself. She made a boastfully mistake by leaving the disturbed Willy alone. The rubber tubing that Linda found on the heate r foreshadows Willys suicide. Linda doesnt want Willy to kill himself, but believes that she cannot intervene with his business. I believe that Willys suicide was an escape from shame. He couldnt keep living his life as a lie.